Integrated Benefit Realization of Digital Twin Technologies: Bridging the Intangible-Tangible Divide in South African Facilities Management

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A. Chikukwa, I. Musonda, D.M. Madyira and
A. Onososen

https://doi.org/10.64755/JMOI5701

Keywords: Digital Twin Adoption; Energy Performance Certification; Intangible Benefits; Emerging Markets; Value Realization Framework

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ABSTRACT

PURPOSE

This study investigates how intangible benefits influence the adoption of digital twin technologies (DTT) for energy efficiency in commercial buildings in South Africa, addressing the gap between promised and realized value in existing adoption models. It develops a framework integrating intangible factors, such as stakeholder engagement and organizational learning, with traditional ROI metrics to improve DTT implementation under the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) regulation.

DESIGN / METHODOLOGY / APPROACH

The study uses an interpretive, inductive approach, combining a systematic review of 64 studies with validation of five empirical cases. Thematic analysis synthesized intangible drivers (e.g., perceived value, institutional pressures) through the lenses of value-belief-norm theory, institutional theory, and Kaizen principles. Case studies are scored via a weighted matrix to validate the proposed framework.

FINDINGS

The framework reveals that (1) intangible benefits (e.g., 20% higher tenant retention and 15% productivity gains) reduce payback periods by 40% when quantified, (2) Feedback loops are critical, yet underperform by 56% compared to tangible outcomes, and (3) Regulatory mandates alone are insufficient without organizational alignment.

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS / IMPLICATIONS

The study’s reliance on secondary case data may exclude emerging practices. Future research should validate the framework using primary data and sector-specific adaptations (e.g., hospitals and schools).

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Policymakers should replace static five-year EPCs with dynamic audits enabled by DTT, develop integrated ROI models that monetize intangibles (e.g., tenant retention), and facility managers must prioritize staff training and feedback mechanisms.

WHAT IS THE ORIGINAL / VALUE

This study explores the influence of intangible and tangible factors on the implementation of digital twins in South Africa. By integrating VBN and institutional theory with case insights, the study proposes a context-specific framework. While further validation is needed, the findings suggest that recognizing non-financial benefits could improve adoption models and the relevance of policies.